Génie – Productions scientifiques
URI permanent de cette collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11143/22620
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Item Accès libre La détection de nouveauté basée sur le temps de stabilisation d'un réseau de neurones : application possible en reconnaissance de parole?(2025-03-28) Rouat, Jean; Ho, Tuong VinhNous proposons un modèle de réseau neuronal à décharges (neuromorphique) inspiré d'un modèle de cortex simulé. Nous présentons également un nouveau paradigme pour la reconnaissance des formes par les réseaux neuronaux à dynamique complexe. Le temps de « relaxation » du réseau est utilisé comme critère de détection de la nouveauté. Nous comparons le réseau neuronal proposé avec les réseaux Hopfield et à rétropropagation de l'erreur pour une tâche de reconnaissance de chiffres bruités. Il est démontré que le réseau proposé est plus robuste. Nous réalisons également une expérience limitée basée sur la reconnaissance de séquences temporelles de voyelles et nous montrons que le réseau est capable d'effectuer la reconnaissance avec un taux de 100% (séquences de 5 et 11 voyelles). En ce qui concerne les tâches de reconnaissance de la parole et des formes, le réseau neuromorphique proposé semble avoir un fort potentiel.Item Accès libre A network of actions for automatic speech recognition(2024-12-23) McGill University. School of Computer Science; Université de Sherbrooke. Département de génie électrique et de génie informatique; De Mori, Renato; Cardin, Régis; Merlo, Ettore; Palakal, Mathew; Rouat, JeanAbstract : A paradigm for automatic speech recognition using networks of actions performing variable depth analysis is presented. The paradigm produces descriptions of speech properties that are related to speech units through Markov models representing system performance. Results in the speaker-independent recognition of isolated letters and digits are presented.Item Accès libre Sols contaminés « BC » dans les LET : pourquoi les enfouir si on peut les valoriser?(2024-12-04) Kahale, Thierry; Des Alliers, Loriane; Ouédraogo, Ousmane; Cabral, AlexandreAu Québec, les lieux d’enfouissement technique (LET) peuvent recevoir plusieurs types de déchets solides, dont des sols contaminés. Le site de Saint-Nicéphore, situé à Drummondville et géré par WM Québec inc., étudie diverses possibilités pour le reprofilage de la couverture finale d’une ancienne partie. Le site reçoit une quantité importante de sols contaminés à enfouir ou à valoriser, dont des sols communément connus sous l’appellation « BC », soit des sols dont les niveaux de contamination se trouvent entre les valeurs limites des annexes I et II du Règlement sur la protection et la réhabilitation des terrains (RPRT ; Q-2, r. 37). Présentement, le Règlement sur l’enfouissement et l’incinération de matières résiduelles (REIMR ; Q-2, r. 19) restreint l’utilisation des sols BC comme matériaux de construction de la couche de drainage du recouvrement final (article 50 du REIMR). Ils peuvent aussi être utilisés comme recouvrement journalier (donc, en fin de compte, enfouis ; article 42 du REIMR) ou comme couche de transition entre les déchets et la couche imperméable (couche de drainage) si leur conductivité hydraulique respecte l’article 50 du REIMR. Dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche en partenariat avec l’Université de Sherbrooke, des recouvrements expérimentaux de grande échelle ont été construits en utilisant des sols contaminés BC. Les données d’un suivi des eaux de surface effectué pendant trois ans sont présentées dans le cadre de cet article. À la lumière des résultats obtenus, il est justifiable de s’interroger sur le pourquoi de l’interdiction d’utiliser des sols BC comme couches d’imperméabilisation et de protection dans les systèmes de recouvrements finaux et de relancer le débat sur la possibilité de faire évoluer le Règlement actuel.Item Accès libre Parametric analysis of the efficacy of lysimeter designs using numerical modelling(2024-12-04) Ouédraogo, Ousmane; Duarte Neto, Mauro; Kahale, Thierry; Cabral, Alexandre; Abichou, TarekAbstract: This paper is part of our current effort to document lysimeter responses in the field; it addresses in particular a pressing issue: which parameters are relevant for lysimeter design when assessing seepage through landfill final covers. It is, to our knowledge, the first time that a thorough study on the effects of different parameters on lysimeter efficacy are assessed; at least for lysimeters for the desired application: landfill covers. Our analysis of efficacy is grounded on the fundamentals of unsaturated flow.Item Accès libre Field-based assessment of the design of lysimeters for landfill final cover seepage control(2024-12-02) Kahale, Thierry; Ouédraogo, Ousmane; Cabral, Alexandre; Duarte Neto, Mauro; Simard, VirginieAbstract: Lysimeters are considered the most appropriate instrument for assessing percolations rates through landfill final covers. Their design, however, must take into consideration the unsaturated nature of water seepage, otherwise they may act as a sink or cause flow avoidance. The aim of this study was to investigate whether using a simple approach to lysimeter design produces reliable seepage control data. Two different design methods were compared using a three-year field database of suction and seepage data collected from large-scale lysimeters installed at the St-Nicephore landfill in Canada. The first, or control, whose side walls were as high as the thickness of the cover material, was inspired from lysimeters installed during the Alternative Cover Assessment Program (ACAP; USA). The second lysimeter was designed based on the proposed simple design methodology, which focuses on the unsaturated flow and hydraulic properties of the materials to determine the optimal wall height. Analysis of the database did not show any indication of significant preferential flow, or alteration of the flow regime by the second lysimeter, which collected as much percolation as the control one (less than 5% difference). The linear method has not been tested for extreme climatic conditions and the wall heights calculated using this method may be very high when designed for very fine-grained soil covers.Item Accès libre Field and numerical evaluation of breakthrough suction effects in lysimeter design(2024-12-02) Kahale, Thierry; Cabral, AlexandreAbstract: Lysimetry has been acknowledged in the literature as the most effective means of assessing deep percolation rates through landfill final covers. Designing lysimeters requires several tools, including thorough laboratory testing and numerical modelling. This paper focuses on a fundamental boundary condition, namely breakthrough suction, and how it affects lysimeter design. This study was triggered by a multi-year database of suction and seepage data collected from a large-scale lysimeter constructed at the St-Nicephore landfill, Quebec, Canada. Tensiometers were installed at several levels near and at the interface between the cover material and the drainage layer inside the lysimeter, and outflow was measured using tipping counters. Based on field results and an analysis thereof, different geometry scenarios were simulated with HYDRUS-2D, and it was observed that in lysimeters designed using the linear method, breakthrough suction at the lower boundary can result in a greater than 90% percolation performance. With climate change, lysimeter percolation rate estimates may also be affected by rainfall events of varying magnitudes. Lastly, we were able to assess the existing design procedures and suggest a simple and conservative approach.Item Accès libre Novel non-nuclear methodology for coarse granular soil compaction control: the Sherbrooke Method(2024-11-29) Cabral, Alexandre; Correa De Andrade Torres, Vanessa; Dibgolongo, Palingwende Anicet RAbstract: The nuclear density gauge (NDG) is the most established device for compaction control. Several studies have proposed alternatives to it, but none have been widely adopted for a variety of reasons. This paper presents the Sherbrooke Method (SM), which involves the use of innocuous, user-friendly, and low-cost devices. It uses frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors to obtain bulk density and gravimetric water content. In this research, 442 field test comparisons between the SM and the NDG device, and 117 between the SM and physical tests were obtained at sites where a type of well-graded gravel (MG 20 in Quebec) was used. The FDR technology showed promising results, with good ability to predict bulk density and gravimetric water content. Moreover, the method presented low complexity of execution and the data emitted by the probe can be obtained in 1 minute. Nowadays, the total lapse of time from setting up the device to the final response (of 3 tests) is approximately 20 minutes. The SM also presents a bulk density precision comparable to that of other devices reported in the technical literature.Item Accès libre Mitigating fugitive methane emissions from closed landfills: a pilot-scale field study(2024-11-29) Dulac, Yohan; Cabral, Alexandre; Nelson, Brienne; Zytner, Richard G.Abstract: Emissions from Canadian landfills account for 20 % of national greenhouse gas emissions, a portion of which occur as fugitive emissions. Depending on management factors, significant quantities of landfill gas are emitted during the op- erational phase and over several decades following landfill closure. Successful landfill reclamation developments de- pend on low-maintenance solutions to manage fugitive emissions. Designing passive methane oxidation biosystems (PMOBs) to complement landfill covers has become a promising complementary strategy. Achieving year-round meth- ane oxidation in cold climates, requires specific conditions for survival of methanotrophic bacteria (responsible for methane oxidation), including optimal temperature, moisture and sufficient supply of O2 and CH4. The objective of this study was to design, construct and monitor a fully instrumented pilot-scale PMOB capable of abating fugitive methane emissions from a closed landfill in the city of Kitchener, Ontario, now a public park. Factors considered in the design include type of PMOB media, methane loading rates, hydraulic behaviour and ambient temperature. Meth- ane oxidation efficiencies between 73 and 100 % were achieved during the monitoring period. The goal was to develop a long-term solution to mitigate fugitive methane emissions at this closed landfill. Successful mitigation will provide a low-maintenance, high impact technology that could be adopted by the municipality for abatement of CH4 emissions at other landfills under its management. The results will also be useful to landfill designers, operators, and regulatory bodies. Overall, the PMOB construction and monitoring results supported evidence that the designed PMOB was capa- ble of abating most of the CH4 loading. The paper describes several steps taken to design, install and operate the PMOB.Item Accès libre Developing a quality by design approach to model tablet dissolution testing: an industrial case study(2024-09-16) Yekpe, Ketsia; Abatzoglou, Nicolas; Gosselin, Ryan; Simard, Jean-Sébastien; Cournoyer, Antoine; Bataille, Bernard; Sharkawi, TahmerAbstract: This study applied the concept of Quality by Design (QbD) to tablet dissolution. Its goal was to propose a quality control strategy to model dissolution testing of solid oral dose products according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The methodology involved the following three steps: (1) a risk analysis to identify the material- and process-related parameters impacting the critical quality attributes of dissolution testing, (2) an experimental design to evaluate the influence of design factors (attributes and parameters selected by risk analysis) on dissolution testing, and (3) an investigation of the relationship between design factors and dissolution profiles. Results show that (a) in the case studied, the two parameters impacting dissolution kinetics are active pharmaceutical ingredient particle size distributions and tablet hardness and (b) these two parameters could be monitored with PAT tools to predict dissolution profiles. Moreover, based on the results obtained, modeling dissolution is possible. The practicality and effectiveness of the QbD approach were demonstrated through this industrial case study. Implementing such an approach systematically in industrial pharmaceutical production would reduce the need for tablet dissolution testing.Item Accès libre Assessment of the suitability of greensand filtration for Mn removal for private wells(2024-05-22) Di Battista, Vanessa; Smillovich, Juliana; Hausladen, DebraAbstract : Greensand filtration is a common treatment option for manganese, sulphide, and iron removal; poor maintenance, however, can compromise effectiveness, leading to increased post-treatment Mn concentrations. A private drinking-water well in exceedance of Health Canada’s maximum allowable concentration for Mn was sampled over a one-year period to assess Mn removal via greensand filtration. Mn concentrations post-treatment were approximately twofold higher than raw well water. Reducing conditions, evidenced by negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of the effluent, were central to transforming solid-phase Mn-oxides to soluble Mn(II). Monitoring revealed that water usage patterns caused variability in post-treatment Mn, with peak concentrations (>3.5x higher than influent water) observed after a 7-day idle period. As inadequate oxidant addition can lead to reducing conditions, monitoring ORP may facilitate proxy surveillance for Mn release. Findings underscore the importance of human factors (e.g., aesthetic concerns, barriers to maintenance, perceived risk) when evaluating overall benefits and drawbacks of treatment systems.Item Accès libre Trace organic contaminants in lake waters: Occurrence and environmental risk assessment at the national scale in Canada(2024-04-03) Lahens, Lisa; Cabana, Hubert; Huot, Yannick; Segura, Pedro AlejandroAbstract: Numerous contaminants are produced and used daily, a significant fraction ultimately finding their way into natural waters. However, data on their distribution in lakes is lacking. To address this gap, the presence of 54 trace organic contaminants (TrOCs), representative of various human activities, was investigated in the surface water of 290 lakes across Canada. These lakes ranged from remote to highly impacted by human activities. In 88% of the sampled lakes, contaminants were detected, with up to 28 detections in a single lake. The compounds most frequently encountered were atrazine, cotinine, and deethylatrazine, each of which was present in more than a third of the lakes. The range of detected concentrations was from 0.23 ng/L to about 2200 ng/L for individual compounds, while the maximum cumulative concentration exceeded 8100 ng/L in a single lake. A risk assessment based on effect concentrations for three aquatic species (Pimephales promelas, Daphnia magna, and Tetrahymena pyriformis) was conducted, revealing that 6% of lakes exhibited a high potential risk for at least one species. In 59% of lakes, some contaminants with potential sub-lethal effects were detected, with the detection of up to 17 TrOCs with potential impacts. The results of this work provide the first reference point for monitoring the evolution of contamination in Canadian lakes by TrOCs. They demonstrate that a high proportion of the sampled lakes bear an environmentally relevant anthropogenic chemical footprint.Item Accès libre Effects of potential inducers to enhance laccase production and evaluating concomitant enzyme immobilisation(2024-04-03) Cabana, Hubert; Yüksek, Gülten; Jones, J. Peter; Okutman Taş, Didem; Ubay-Cokgor, Emine; Gosselin, MathildeAbstract: This work investigated non-polar solvent hexane and polar solvents methanol and ethanol as inducers besides a well-known inducer, copper, for laccase production with and without mesoporous silica-covered plastic packing under sterilised and unsterilised conditions. The potential of waste-hexane water, which is generated during the mesoporous silica production process, was also investigated as a laccase inducer. During the study, the free and immobilised laccase activity on the packing was measured. The results showed that the highest total laccase activity, approximately 10,000 Units, was obtained under sterilised conditions with 0.5 mM copper concentration. However, no immobilised laccase activity was detected except in the copper and ethanol sets under unsterilised conditions. The maximum immobilised laccase activity of the sets that used waste hexane as an inducer was 1.25 U/mg packing. According to its significant performance, waste hexane can be an alternative inducer under sterilised conditions. Concomitant immobilised packing showed satisfactory laccase activities and could be a promising method to reduce operation costs and improve the cost-efficiency of enzymatic processes in wastewater treatment plants.Item Accès libre Potential of Pseudomonas yamanorum for the valorization of municipal biosolids(2024-04-03) Lussier, Jordan; Lonappan, Linson; Cabana, HubertAbstract: It is generally accepted that some trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) pass through the wastewater treatment process without being properly treated and find their way into waterbodies. These molecules can also be concentrated within the biosolids (BS) through adsorption. The presence of TrOCs in BS, which are then commonly used as soil amendments in agriculture, may affect plant growth and viability. The potential risks posed by TrOCs are usually ignored because they are present in low concentrations and mostly have relatively short half-lives. However, the continuous addition of these substances in water sources and on farmlands makes them pseudo-persistent. To reduce the concentrations of selected TrOCs from these BS, Pseudomonas yamanorum LBUM636 (PY) was tested with and without a commercial bacterial blend of Bacillus spp. (BC). About 60% removal of atrazine was achieved using PY-amended BS. Bioslurries inoculated with PY had relatively high laccase activity at about 2,200 U/L. Laccase activity was seven times higher in samples where BC was also present, which suggests a synergistic effect between BC and PY. Concentrations of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, an antibiotic with a biopesticide effect, were also relatively important in PY-inoculated bioslurries.Item Accès libre Genipin and glutaraldehyde based laccase two-layers immobilization with improved properties: New biocatalysts with high potential for enzymatic removal of trace organic contaminants(2024-04-03) Saibi, Sabrina; Haroune, Lounes; Cabana, Hubert; Saraiva Rios, Nathália; Pinheiro, Bruna B.; Gonçalves, Luciana R. B.Abstract: This research proposes the preparation of a two-layer laccase biocatalyst using genipin or/and glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agents. The multilayer biocatalysts were prepared using different combinations of genipin and glutaraldehyde in the individual preparation of the first and second laccase layers. First, chitosan was treated with genipin or glutaraldehyde, followed by the immobilization of the first laccase layer to form a single-layer biocatalyst. Then, the immobilized laccases were coated once again with genipin or glutaraldehyde, and a new laccase layer was immobilized onto the system, resulting in the final two-layer biocatalyst. Compared to the single-layer biocatalysts, catalytic activity increased 1.7- and 3.4-fold when glutaraldehyde coating was used to prepare the second laccase layer. However, adding a second layer did not always produce more active biocatalysts, since the two-layer biocatalysts prepared with genipin (GenLacGenLac and GluLacGenLac) presented a decrease in activity of 65% and 28%, respectively. However, these two-layer biocatalysts prepared with genipin maintained 100% of their initial activity after 5 cycles of ABTS oxidation. Nevertheless, the two-layer, genipincoated biocatalyst resulted in a higher removal of trace organic contaminants, since it removed 100% of mefenamic acid and 66% of acetaminophen, compared with the glutaraldehyde-coated biocatalyst, which removed 20% of mefenamic acid, and 18% of acetaminophen.Item Accès libre Characterization of laccases from Trametes hirsuta in the context of bioremediation of wastewater treatment plant effluent(2024-04-03) El Yagoubi, Younes; Cabana, Hubert; Lemieux, Bruno; Segura, Pedro AlejandroAbstract: The bioremediation of pharmaceutical compounds contained in wastewater, in an ecological and sustainable way, is possible via the oxidative action of fungal laccases. The discovery of new fungal laccases with unique physico-chemical characteristics pushes researchers to identify suitable laccases for specific applications. The aim of this study is to purify and characterize laccase isoenzymes produced from the Trametes hirsuta IBB450 strain for the bioremediation of pharmaceutical compounds. Two main laccases mixtures were observed and purified in the extracts and were called Yn and Yg. Peptide fingerprinting analysis suggested that Yn was constituted mainly of laccase Q02497 and Yg of laccase A0A6M5CX58, respectively. Robustness tests, based on tolerance and stability, showed that both laccases were affected in a relatively similar way by salts (KCl, NaCl), organic solvents (ACN, MeOH), denaturing compounds (urea, trypsin, copper) and were virtually unaffected and stable in wastewater. Determination of kinetic constants (Michaelis (KM), catalytic constant (kcat) and kinetic efficiency (K=kcat/KM)) for the transformation of synthetic hormone 17α-ethynylestradiol and the anti- inflammatory agent diclofenac indicates a lower KM and kcat for laccase Yn but relative similar K constant compared to Yg. Synergistic effects were observed for the transformation of diclofenac, unlike 17α-ethynyles- tradiol. Transformation studies of 17α-ethynylestradiol at different temperatures (4 and 21 ◦C) indicate a transformation rate reduction of approximately 75–80% at 4 ◦ C against 25% for diclofenac in less than an hour. Finally, the classification of laccases Yg and Yn into one of eight groups (group A-H) suggests that laccase Yg belongs to group A (constitutive laccase) and laccase Yn belongs to group B (inducible laccase)Item Accès libre A statistical approach for electric taxiing requirements for regional turboprop aircraft(2023-06-20) Bouchard, Mathieu; Rancourt, David; Taltaud, Alexandre; Carbonneau-Côté, JérômeAbstract : Electric motorization of the landing gear appears to be one of the alternative solutions to reduce fuel burn, CO2 emissions, and noise during the taxi phase. Because turboprop aircraft operate on short routes, the taxi phase represents an important part of both flight time and fuel consumption. An Electric Taxiing System (ETS) sized to meet current operational practices could reduce the fuel consumption and remain near transparent to the pilots. This paper first presents a statistical approach to define the taxiing requirements for regional turboprop aircraft using 200 taxi phases of 77 aircraft. Requirements of 0.4 m/s2 maximum acceleration until 15 kts, 25 kts top speed, and 13,000 ft distance (including taxi-in and taxi-out) are determined in accordance with the analysis, operational practices, and pilots’ routines. For higher speed than 15 kts, the acceleration requirement is adjusted using the iso-power to limit the mass of the ETS. Then, an ETS with sufficient performance is sized to be integrated in the main landing gear of a regional turboprop aircraft (Dash 8-300). For a standard mission of 270 nautical miles, the expected fuel economy is 3.1 % for a payload loss of 2.2 % or 1.3 PAX due to the system weight.Item Accès libre Exploration of rank order coding with spiking neural networks for speech recognition(2021-09-28) Loiselle, Stéphane; Rouat, Jean; Université de Sherbrooke. Groupe de recherche NECOTIS; Pressnitzer, Daniel; Thorpe, SimonSpeech recognition is very difficult in the context of noisy and corrupted speech. Most conventional techniques need huge databases to estimate speech (or noise) density probabilities to perform recognition. We discuss the potential of perceptive speech analysis and processing in combination with biologically plausible neural network processors. We illustrate the potential of such non-linear processing of speech by means of a preliminary test with recognition of French spoken digits from a small speech database.Item Accès libre Thermal plasma synthesis of Li2S nanoparticles for application in lithium-sulfur batteries(2021-05-11) Veilleux, Jocelyn; Nussbaum, Matthieu; Nava-Avendaño, JessicaAbstract : Inductively-coupled thermal plasma processes were used to produce nanosized Li2S. Prior to the syntheses, the feasibility of forming Li2S was first evaluated using FactSage by considering the phase diagrams of sulfur and different lithium precursors in reducing atmospheres; Li2O, LiOH·H2O, Li2CO3 and Li2SO4·H2O all showed promises in producing Li2S nanoparticles, as confirmed by experiments. Argon and hydrogen mixtures were used as plasma gases, and a carbothermal reduction was implemented for Li2SO4·H2O. In addition, carbon-coated Li2S nanoparticles were synthesized with downstream injection of methane. Carbon was shown to stabilize Li2S upon contact with ambient air. The Li2S nanoparticles were electrochemically tested in half-cells using electrolytes containing LiNO3 or Li2S6 as additives. It was found that adding LiNO3 to the electrolyte was detrimental to the electrochemical performance of Li2S, whereas the combination of Li2S6 and LiNO3 as additives doubled the charge and discharge capacities of the half-cell over 10 cycles.Item Accès libre Measuring count rates free from correlated noise in digital silicon photomultipliers(2021-02-19) Vachon, Frédéric; Parent, Samuel; Nolet, Frédéric; Dautet, Henri; Pratte, Jean-François; Charlebois, Serge A.; Groupe de recherche en appareillage médical de Sherbrooke; Institut interdisciplinaire d'innovation technologiqueAbstract : The characterization of nuisance parameters in digital silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) is important to their understanding and future development. Methods able to distinguish the types of events are necessary to obtain fair and legitimate measurements. In this work, the zero photon probability (ZPP) method and the time delay (TD) method are used to measure the dark noise of digital SiPMs free from the contribution of correlated noise such as afterpulsing and crosstalk. It highlights the unique features of digital SiPMs such as the holdoff delay, the digital output signal, and the embedded processing (e.g. the selection of the interval sampling width). The two methods correctly separate the correlated and uncorrelated events in digital SiPMs and therefore the determination of a true photon detection efficiency (PDE) is possible. The ZPP method is also implemented inside a digital SiPM using embedded digital signal processing.Item Accès libre Analyse de la perception des résidents de multilogements à Montréal en vue d’augmenter leur participation à la collecte sélective(2020-06-09) Cabral, Alexandre; Hutchinson, MarlèneMalgré l’augmentation de presque 20 % de la quantité de matières résiduelles recyclées du secteur résidentiel entre 2000 et 2002 et du fait que plus de 85 % des Québécois bénéficient du service de collecte sélective en 2004, la grande majorité des matières résiduelles aboutissent dans les sites d’enfouissement. Ainsi, le taux de détournement actuel (environ 17 %) est encore très loin des 60 % fixés comme objectif pour 2008 dans la Politique québécoise de gestion des matières résiduelles 1998-2008. Pour comprendre, du moins en partie, les raisons sous-jacentes au faible taux de récupération dans les multilogements montréalais, une étude sur la perception des résidants de quatre territoires montréalais quant à différentes alternatives de services de collecte sélective a été entreprise. L’hypothèse sous-jacente à l’étude est la suivante : le fait de connaître la perception qu’a une population quant aux différents services offerts permettrait d’identifier les éléments clés qui aideraient les décideurs à proposer de nouvelles stratégies de gestion visant à augmenter – mais surtout à améliorer – la participation de cette population à la collecte sélective. Pour ce, l’analyse de perception catégorielle (APC), une méthodologie d’enquête et d’analyse des résultats, a été employée. Les 180 résidants rencontrés ont évalué neuf critères par rapport à cinq scénarios de service. Selon l’analyse faite, une majorité estime que l’éducation est un paramètre clé pour la pérennité de la collecte et que le scénario qui renforce l’aspect éducation-sensibilisation semble être celui qui pourrait avoir un effet positif non seulement sur les quantités de matières récupérées mais aussi sur d’autres comportements environnementaux. Les résultats démontrent qu’une faible proportion (12 %) des personnes rencontrées ne participe pas à la collecte sélective. On peut alors conclure que le taux de récupération dépend moins d’une augmentation du nombre de participants que de la qualité de la participation.